AZIM HASHAM PREMJI

Founder of Wipro Limited Azim Hasham Premji, founder of Wipro Limited, India's biggest and most competitive IT company based in Bangalore, was born on July 24th 1945 in Bombay. Premji was forced to leave his studies in computer science from Stanford University, California, USA at the age of 21 to take over the family business of vegetable oils when hi father M.H. Premji, suddenly passed away in 1966. He has since after a gap of over thirty years completed his degree in Electrical Engineering. The Amalner-based vanaspathi manufacturing company, the Western India Vegetable Product later became Wipro Products Ltd, Wipro Technologies and Wipro Corporation.

Under Premji's leadership Wipro embarked on an ambitious phase of expansion and diversification. The Company began manufacturing light bulbs with General Electric and other consumer products including soaps, baby care products, shampoos, powder etc. In 1975, Wipro Fluid Power business unit manufacturing hydraulic cylinders and truck tippers was started. But Premji's ambitions did not stop there. In the 1980s Wipro entered the IT field, taking advantage of the expulsion of IBM from the Indian market in 1975. Thus, Wipro became involved in manufacturing computer hardware, software development and related items, under a special license from Sentinel. As a result, the $1.5 million company in hydrogenated cooking fats grew within a few years to a $662 million diversified, integrated corporation in services, medical systems, technology products and consumer items with offices worldwide. The company's IT division became the world’s first to win SEI CMM level 5 and PCMM Level 5 (People Capability Maturity Model) certification, the latest in quality standards. A large percentage of the company's revenues are generated by the IT division. Wipro works with leading global companies, such as Alcatel, Nokia, Cisco and Nortel and has a joint venture in Medical Systems with General Electric Company. Premji's story of success and prominence clearly shows how determination and perseverance, when coupled with knowledge, clear vision and proper planning, enable one to reach the peak of success and leadership. A straight forward person, he doesn't believe in resorting to bribery or corruption to get things done and associates quality with integrity. He is an absolute workaholic and according to him work is the only way to success and survival in a competitive environment. A tough employer, he expects his employees to be competent and will not tolerate lies or deception from anyone.

Azim Hasham Premji finds himself in the Forbes Billionaire List 2000, placed in 41^st position with a wealth of $ 6.4 billion. Over the years, Azim Premji has been privileged with many honours and accolades. He was chosen as the Business India's 'Businessman of the Year 2000', He was named by Fortune (August 2003) as one of the 25 most powerful business leaders outside the US, Forbes (March 2003) listed him as one of ten people globally, Business Week featured (October 2003) him on their cover with the sobriquet 'India's tech king'. The Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and the Manipal Academy of Higher Education have both conferred honorary doctorates on him. He is also a member of the Prime Minister's Advisory Committee for Information Technology in India.

In the year 2001, Premji established Azim Premji Foundation, a not-for-profit organization with a vision of influencing the lives of millions of children in India by facilitating the universalisation of elementary education. The foundation works closely with the state governments of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc and the programs cover over 5000 rural schools. Premji contributes the financial resources for the foundation.

Personally, Premji is known for his humility and helping mentality. Easily one of the richest men in the world, he always travels in economy class. One of his favourite recreational activity is hiking. He leads a quiet life with his wife Yasmin Premji who had worked for 'Inside Outside' (editorial) in Mumbai and his two sons in a simple, but elegant villa in Bangalore. The elder son, Rishad, works in the USA for GE and the younger one, Tariq, has co-founded a dotcom and works from Bangalore. Mr. Premji who holds 78% stakes in the company does not believe in naming one of his sons as his successor just for the norms.

MAHLER'S 5th SYMPHONY

Overfull fountain,

he rises abundantly

from where springs

are fed, creates from

why hearts must beat

timpanic against

gravitation.

His concerted breezes

blow confusing beauty in

through windows where

merely walls once were.

Triumph, sorrow,

fire, spirit,

love, joy—

all play and pray

in sonic sanctum.

After the applause

we bring our amazement

home and listen to

the wallpaper sing

MOON AND MARS CONJUNCT

Walking at night

to the corner mailbox,

breathing deeply of

cool September air,

I look up and see

Mars by the full moon,

quiet friends,

like a tiny garnet

by a round opal

set in the sky’s

planetary ring.

A carful of teenage girls

zooms by,

emanating shrieks and

laughs and

whoops,

careening between curbs

through our

planned community.

The red taillights

soon zigzag away

into velvet distance,

and silence prevails,

broken now by

this old mailbox accepting

my letters with a chuff

and a clanky groan

 Has anything changed?

Yes, my letters are

in the mailbox;

yes, the car has painted

a picture in my ears;

yes, the moon is

imperceptibly

closer to Mars now—

but nothing deep

has changed.

The night has merely

taken a breath.

MUSIC FROM HANNAH

When Hannah comes over to visit our place,

She fetches our old violin from its case

And places it under her chin to be played

With its missing E-string and its horsehair all frayed.

Under Hannah Moore’s unafraid, amateur touch,

The violin squeals and scratches so much

That sooner or later some listener will say,

“Oh, Hannah, let’s please put the violin away.”

Pretty soon she snaps open the old trumpet case,

Tries out the three valves, puts the mouthpiece in place,

And blows such a blast for a trumpeter’s call

That the pictures all rattle and sway on the wall.

When Hannah brings over her flute, however,

We can sit here and listen for nearly forever

To her musical phrases both smooth and staccato

Which pleasantly shimmer with a heartfelt vibrato.

She has listened to Mozart from A to Z,

And she loves any Beethoven symphony;

Carmina Burana, the Nutcracker Suite—

The best compositions to her are a treat.

Our piano’s been host to her musical fingers

Playing Mozart sonatas with feeling that lingers.

Just give her an instrument, fancy or poor,

And you’ll soon hear some music from Hannah Paige Moore.

TO SLEEP

Body and bed go soft.

Final thinking fades to formless vapor.

Mattering gives way to “all is well.”

Breathing forgets breathing.

Shapeless shadows welcome a friendly falling.

Wishes murmur up through moving images.

Dewdrop opens into endless ocean.

Time unknown . . .

Innerly free . . .

Floating . . .

Drifting . . .

Peace . . .

80-megaton alarm clock explodes.

RASIC CHART

What is R A S I C CHART?

R = Responsible - Who owns the project / problem

A = To whom “R” is Accountable – Who must sign off (Approve) on the suggested work / process changes before they are released.

S = Can be Supportive – Can provide resources or can play a supportive role in implementation.

I = To be Informed – Must be notified of results , but need not be consulted.

C = To be consulted – has information and / or capability necessary to complete / guide the work , Can be an expert of an attribute

When R A S I C CHART?

The RACI Model is relatively straight forward tool , which can be used for identifying roles & responsibilities during an organizational change process. All transformation processes do not happen on their own ; People have to do something to make the process happen. Therefore, it is useful to describe What should be done by Whom a

make a transformation process happen.

Why RASIC?

·         Agreeing on Roles and responsibilities

·          Ensuring key accountability for project deadlines

·          Effective communication during project

·         Ensure clear directions for all stake holders

How is R A S I C CHART prepared?

1. Identify all the processes / activities involved and list them down the left side of the

chart.

2. Identify all the roles and list them along the Top of the chart.

3. Complete the cells of the chart : Identify who has the R A S I C of each processes

4. Every process should preferable have one and only one ‘R’ as a general principle.

5. Resolve overlaps Every process in a role responsibility map should contain one and only one R to indicate a unique process owner. In the case of multiple R s , there is a need to “Zoom in” and further detail the sub processes associated with “obtain resource commitments” to separate the individual responsibilities.

6. Resolve Gaps – The simpler case to address is the resolution of the gap. Where no role is identified that is responsible for a process , the individual with the authority for role

definition must determine which existing role is responsible or new role that is required.

Update the RASIC chart and clarify with the individuals that assume that role.

WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN NOW

Where have you been now, oh Patrick me boy,

Before your grand entrance that brought so much joy?

Were you out in the starlight quite happy and free?

Had you any idea who your parents would be?

Were the comets your friends, Patrick Harris me boy?

Did you reach toward the moon thinking "What a nice toy?"

Wherever you've been, Patrick, welcome to Earth—

It's a fairly nice place once you get past the birth.

You will have the best care you could ask for, me lad,

From Mika and Brian (you know, Mom and Dad),

Who will give you a bed, healthy food, and much love

In a home where you'll heighten the blessings thereof.

Three things Grandma Linda and I wish for you:

May the heaven within you guide all that you do;

May the bumps on your path make you fearless and strong;

And may life for you, Patrick, be happy and long.

TROUBLESHOOTING

Ball and roller bearings are designed for longevity. Their life expectancy, based on metal fatigue, can usually be calculated if general operating conditions are known. Bearing failures not caused by normal material fatigue are called premature failures. The causes may range from improper lubrication to incorrect mounting, to poor condition of shaft housing or bearing surfaces. Premature bearing failure can be avoided. That’s the objective of this to identify the visible “danger” signs on bearing, shaft and housing

surfaces. These signs of bearing damage include:

• Brinelling

• Contamination

• Fretting

• Peeling

• Spalling

• Misalignment

• Electric Arcing

• Seizing

Brinelling

Brinelling refers to indentations pressed into the bearing race, so tiny that they are hardly visible to the eye .These indentations, although minor, usually precede more serious, deeper cuts and dents that ultimately result in bearing failure. Brinelling found on the race causes corresponding dents on the balls or rollers. Though less visible than those on the race, the brinelling on balls or rollers is more noticeable in its interference with bearing movement.

Causes

Brinelling on the high part of the race shoulder is often caused by pressure against the unmounted – rather than the press-fit – race during installation. Hammering the bearing during installation or removal may cause brinelling on the shoulder of the race.

Brinelling also is caused by bearing impact during operation. In a wheel, for example, a bearing set with excessive end play may not resist the impact and pounding action as the wheel goes over uneven or rough roads. The rapid short impact pounds the rollers into the races, causing brinelling and even fracturing.

Prevention

Brinelling caused by incorrect mounting can be prevented by exerting pressure only on the press-fit race. Eliminating any direct hits with a hammer on the bearing is another measure worth taking. Brinelling caused by heavy impact during operation is usually avoided by setting the bearing to the recommended amount of end play.

Contamination

Contamination of the bearing shows up as scratches, pitting and scoring along the raceways, with corresponding marks on the ball and roller surfaces. Unlike brinelling, these small indentations are scattered, rather than centralized, on the bearing surface.

Causes

When seals or shields are defective it is not hard for abrasive particles, dirt, or dust to get into the bearing. There can even be dirt or dust in the lubricant. Wherever foreign material enters into the bearing by way of contaminated lubricant, the particles are pressed into the metal surface. Small dents and pits are formed which roughen the load-carrying surface. Severe roughness will result in flaking and premature bearing failure.

Contamination can also be caused by improper cleaning of the housing or shaft, or by using dirty tools and hands during mounting and assembly.

Prevention

Everything coming into contact with the bearing, shaft or housing should be clean, including your hands, tools and work area. Lubricant should be stored only in clean containers and covered with a tight lid during storage. Before mounting a new bearing, be sure the shaft and housing are free of dirt, dust and moisture. When changing the wheel or installing a new bearing, use only new, not used, seals.

Fretting

When small metal particles decay and break off of the bearing races, it is called fretting. Fretting occurs when there is excessive rubbing between the inner race and the shaft, or the outer race and the housing, or any surface overstressed under excessive oscillated loads. This excess friction causes the contact area to wear down or corrode. Some fretting corrosion is a normal part of the bearing fatigue process. The condition worsens until the contact surfaces become so weakened that soon, the bearing fails.

Causes

Fretting frequently is caused by poor shaft or housing fits. Races with too loose a fit, for example, may rub against the shaft or housing when they should be stationary. Lubricant levels kept too low also permit excess friction and corrosion.

Prevention

Be sure shaft and housing fits are correct for the application, so the bearing cannot move out of place. Micronized graphite and other special lubricants are sometimes used to relieve the rubbing pressure.

Peeling

Peeling is a light scraping away of the bearing’s surface  The damage is usually just superficial, normally less than .001˝ deep. It should not affect bearing performance unless conditions exist that promote greater damage.

Causes

Peeling damage most often is related to improper lubrication. There may not, for example, be enough lubrication in the bearing (along the inner diameter of the cup) which can result in peeling on the unprotected surface. Use of a high viscosity lubricant – one that is unable to flow freely also promotes peeling. Misalignment, which may cause peeling at the edge of heavy contact.

Prevention

Check lubrication levels in the bearing to be sure an ample amount is present at all times. When lubricating a wheel hub, for example, force grease into and around the races, cage and rollers. Also check the shaft, housing and bearing during mounting for misalignment.

Spalling

Spalling is an advanced stage of bearing decay. Caused by metal fatigue, the failure begins as microscopic cracks beneath the bearing surface. These tiny fractures work their way to the surface, and eventually result in the flaking away of metal particles. The uneven surfaces caused by metal flaking away prevent normal bearing operation. Failure is inevitable. Because of the rough race surface and loose metal chips, there also will be bearing vibration and noise.         

Causes

Spalling occurs under normal conditions as part of bearing fatigue. However, it can result from another type of initial bearing damage, such as brinelling or fretting, that has caused indentations, weakening or abrasion, on one or both of the races. Almost any type of handling, installation, mounting or maintenance procedure done incorrectly can result in spalling. For example, a bearing mounted on a shaft with excess press-fit causes friction to build up and wear down the bearing surfaces. Dirt, dust and contamination will abrade and score the races. Moisture in the housing can settle on and then  corrode the bearing surface, resulting in flaking. Improper lubrication can fail to relieve friction, leading first to peeling, and then possibly to spalling. Misalignment prevents even load distribution, and spalling may occur in the high stress areas. High spots or grooves in the housing also may cause corresponding grooves in the bearing that lead to spalling. Whether it is normal or premature, bearing failure from spalling is irreversible.

Prevention

Use proper procedures for handling, assembling and inspecting bearings. Replace defective seals and shields, so contaminants cannot get into the bearing. Use only clean lubricants and tools and be sure lubrication levels are adequate. Check for scratches, nicks and grooves on the shaft and in the housing. Double check bearing alignment and press-fit.

Misalignment

If the balls or rollers of a bearing are running from one side of the race to the other side – and not along a straight path – then one race is misaligned with respect to the other. That is, the two races are not square with each other. Because of the misalignment, there will be uneven load distribution on the races and rollers, causing friction and heat to build up at the points where there is excess pressure and weight. Misalignment can be identified by a diagonal polishing on the inside of the stationary ring, while the rotating ring develops flaking across the entire raceway. The excess friction that builds up will eventually discolor the roller path and rollers, and destroy the lubricant.

Causes

The shaft may be misaligned in relation to the housing, causing an overload on the balls or rollers and eventual bearing failure. Misalignment also may be caused by the housing being cocked and not square with the shaft. The housing shoulder may become disoriented, forcing the bearing’s outer race to cock in relation to the inner race. The bearing may have been installed with too much clearance or press-fit, causing the two races to be out of line with each other.

Prevention

Misalignment of the shaft and housing should be checked and corrected before bearing installation. Be sure the shoulders are in line and square. When press-fitting a bearing, follow the steps outlined in Chapter Seven.

Electric Arcing

Electric currents can damage a bearing. When even a small amount of voltage passes through a bearing, it will burn a pit into the race at the point of contact.

Causes

Electric current passing through a bearing, such as during welding on a vehicle without proper grounding, causes arcing and burning at the point of contact between the races and rollers. This can range from a single burn spot, or, as often happens with roller bearings, a series of small burns between the roller and race along the line of contact. These burns cause grooves along the affected surface. As the current continues to pass through the bearing, the contact points change as the bearing turns.

Prevention

Properly ground the vehicle so that it will route electrical current around the bearings. Inspect the bearing to be sure that any stray currents have not passed through the races.

Seizing

Seizing is a common form of failure when bearings are first put into service. When the rolling elements fail to roll, the resulting friction generates excessive heat very rapidly. Seizing frequently occurs between the cone back face and the large end of the roller on tapered roller bearings. The cages are usually either damaged or destroyed when this occurs.

Causes

Improper or inadequate lubrication can result in a breakdown of the oil film between the rolling elements and raceways. The resulting metal to metal contact generates excessive heat which reduces the hardness of the metal. Localized welding of the rollers or balls to the raceways will rapidly seize the bearing.

Prevention

Carefully select the proper amount and type of lubricant that will maintain a film between the rolling elements and raceways. Remember to prelubricate whenever necessary before installation.

Conclusion

Preventing bearing failure depends on how well you know the bearing, and the application for which it will be used. This study guide should provide you with the basics for bearing care. Remember, it takes only a small mistake in handling, lubrication, installation or maintenance to result in large scale damage – not only to the bearing, but to the overall area in which it operates. Whenever there is a bearing, there is a seal – either working in tandem or close by. To help you become as familiar with seals as you now should be with bearings, there is a companion self-study program. The SKF Shaft Seals Self-Study Program covers selection, installation and maintenance of grease and oil seals, along with the Speedi-Sleeve line of wear sleeves.

TREE CHOIRS

High twigs in the trees—

do they croon nocturnal chords

to you out of a winter-spring wind?

Chords not merely for ears, perhaps,

but chords filling human with being?

Seasonally smitten with tingly new sap,

each leeward-leaning trunk

resigns helpless branches to the air,

eerie groans waxing and waning

as from a deep unknown

just behind where you live.

How do you feel?

Try setting aside your daily newspaper

and turning into nothing but ears

to follow these pining strains.

How far inside of you go those moans?

Have they turned you inside out yet?

No?

Then listen all night, all night, all night.

Listen all night,and waken

BEARING LUBRICATION

Bearing lubrication

Lubrication – coating the contact surfaces of the bearing shaft and housing with grease or oil – is one procedure used in almost every step of bearing storage and operation. With their protective coating against rust and corrosion, lubricants are applied to bearings during storage, during assembly and mounting, during operation, before removal, and after cleaning. Lubricants have four major purposes:

• Reduce friction and wear

• Dissipate heat

• Protect surfaces from dust and corrosion

• Help seals protect bearings

Reduce friction

Bearings are constantly moving during operation. Their moving races and rollers rub against each other as well as the housings around them. In application of high speeds and under heavy loads, bearings build up tremendous friction. Too much friction will wear down the surfaces by rubbing together. This results in premature failure and damage to the bearing, shaft and housing. Lubricants reduce friction. When applied on and around the entire bearing, lubrication smooths rubbing action and saves bearing parts from early failure Lubricants protect the shaft and housing in the same way.

Dissipate heat

Heat is caused by bearing friction. With shaft speed and load conditions also contributing to friction, it is not hard for overheating to occur. Heat wears down contact surfaces between the races and shaft and housing seats. By dissipating, or carrying away this heat, lubricants can prevent temperatures from reaching a point where they can cause severe wear and destruction.

Protect surfaces from dust and corrosion

The smallest amount of moisture, dirt or dust can cause the metal in bearing parts to corrode. Because bearings must be clean and smooth in order to operate properly, corroded bearings are useless. For this reason, bearing lubrication starts during the packaging process. Immediately after production, a new bearing is coated with oil or grease so it will not be harmed by moisture or dust that can accumulate during storage and handling prior to installation. Lubrication also protects against corrosion that can occur between the tight press-fit of a race with the bearing seat.

Help seals protect bearings

Seals installed on the shaft next to the bearing retain lubricants in the housing and prevent dirt or dust from getting in. Not only will these contaminants nick and scratch a bearing, they also wear down the shaft and housing. A thick coating of lubricant is a barrier to contaminants, assisting the seal in lubricant retention and dirt exclusion.

Lubricant selection

Lubricant selection depends on a combination of factors: the type of housing, operating temperature, operating speed and any particular requirement of that bearing type. In all cases, the best guide for proper selection of a lubricant is the recommendation of the vehicle’s manufacturer. There are two lubricant types – grease and oil. Due to the design

of equipment and the conditions under which it must operate, grease is the more widely used lubricant. Various types of grease are available and should be selected carefully. There are certain guidelines to follow when selecting the right lube for the job. For example, open bearings are only lubricated with a film of oil or light grease to protect them from corrosion before use. They must also be lubricated while running. Sealed and shielded bearings are grease packed from the factory and are sealed for life. The lubrication used in ball and other bearing types is usually a sodium or lithium based grease or oil. As a general rule, bearings run the coolest, and with the least amount of friction, when a minimum amount of the lightest-bodied lubricant that will keep bearing surfaces apart is used.

Use a heavier lubricant only if:

• Operating conditions require it;

• The load is too heavy for the lube;

• It is specifically called for in the application.

Heavy penetration grease will normally increase friction.

Wheel bearing grease specification

Here are some general recommendations in selecting the grease for wheel bearing uses. The grease should be smooth textured, consist of soaps and oils, and be free of filler and abrasives. Recommended are lithium complex (or equivalent) soaps, or solvent refined petroleum oils. Additives could inhibit corrosion and oxidation. The grease should be non-corrosive to bearing parts with no chance of it separating during storage or use. Using the correct amount of lube is essential. Failure to correctly lubricate the bearing or maintain proper lubrication may result in bearing damage, causing a wheel to lock.

To lubricate the bearing, force grease around the outside of the bearing; between the rollers, cone and cage. Pack more grease in the wheel hub. The depth of the grease should be level with the inside diameter of the cup. The hubcap should also be filled with grease.

Grease lubrication features

1. Reduces maintenance time. There are no minimum grease levels to maintain, so lubrication cycles are less frequent.

2. Is confined to the housing or bearing. This means a simpler seal design can be used to retain lubricant and exclude dirt.

3. Grease is more viscous than oil lubricants.

Oil lubrication

Since it is thinner than grease, oil needs more frequent lubrication intervals. Generally, oil is used to lubricate bearings in high temperature and/or high speed applications. It is used in heavy-duty fleet, automotive and agricultural vehicles. Gear drivers, for example, work well with oil lubricants. For hypoid gears, where both the gears and bearings used in the units require lubrication, S.A.E. grades No. 90 and No. 140 oil are normally used. For extremely cold operating conditions (around -40ºF to -60ºF), a lighter No. 80 grade is used. At high temperature and for heavy-duty applications, use the S.A.E. 140 grade. For extremely heavy loads and extremely high temperatures, S.A.E. 250 is recommended. Be sure not to mix vehicle motor oil with gear oils, as they could be incompatible.

Oil lubrication features

1. The correct amount of oil lubricant is easier to control than grease.

2. Oil lends itself more to the lubrication of all parts.

3. Oil flows better in lower and higher temperatures than grease.

General recommendation

Whatever type of lube – grease or oil – is selected, be sure to remember some very fine points that will help a bearing to continue performing well, or cause it to fail.

1. Never wash the protective lubricant off new bearings.

2. Use clean lubricants contained in clean, air-tight cans or drums. Store them in a cool, dry area. Dirt, dust or moisture in the lube can lead to eventual bearing failure.

3. Use only the lubricant called for in the job. No substitutes or interchanges (grease instead of oil, for example) should be made unless specified by the equipment manufacturer.

4. Do not overfill the housing. Too much grease or oil can seep out of overfilled housings, past seals and closures. The lube that escapes can collect dirt and cause damage to the bearings.

5. Too much lubricant can also cause overheating. This is particularly true of bearings running at high speeds, where the churning of the lubricant will cause the bearing to run too hot.